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<br />SOl.ATED CUMULUS CLOUDS 011 CLOUD CI.USTERS <br /> <br />RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENTS UN <br /> <br />SUMHARY OF RESULTS OF <br /> <br />References for <br />Results Quoted <br /> <br />Significance <br />Level <br /> <br />Results <br /> <br />Hain Seeding Agent(s <br />and Delivery Techniques <br /> <br />Dates <br /> <br />Project <br /> <br />J:j <br /> <br />p <br /> <br />(1957) <br /> <br />Braham ~ al <br /> <br />39 <br /> <br />o <br /> <br />ty of radar echoes <br /> <br />probab <br /> <br />Greater <br /> <br />Dry ice, 5 or J5kg/km <br />011 penetratiolls allove <br />OOC leve I <br /> <br />954 <br /> <br />U,S <br /> <br />Central <br /> <br />h <br /> <br />69 <br />71 <br /> <br />Bethwa i te et a I. (1966) i Sm <br />in LeCam and Neyman (1967) <br />pp. 161-162. <br /> <br />p <br />p <br /> <br />957) <br />957) <br /> <br />Braham et al <br />Braham et a I <br /> <br />0,02 <br />0.01 <br /> <br />0,02 <br /> <br />Greater freqllelley of radar echoes <br />Time to first echo reduced <br /> <br />f tops <br />treatment <br /> <br />cloud base <br />OoC and 20g <br /> <br />Hore rain at <br />colder than <br />applied <br /> <br />a <br />b <br /> <br />m3/km <br /> <br />al'etolle <br />in updraft, <br />109 pe r cJ oud <br /> <br />(1 <br /> <br />Waterspray <br />into clollds <br /> <br />Agl'Na <br />bu rne rs <br />0.2 or <br /> <br />1954 <br /> <br />1962-65 <br /> <br />Caribbea'n <br /> <br />Australia <br /> <br />Sierra Cumulus <br />(pair seeding) <br /> <br />7 <br /> <br />p <br /> <br />(1973) <br /> <br />Palle <br /> <br />0,00 <br /> <br />04} <br />08 <br />19 <br /> <br />o <br />o <br />o <br /> <br />reaching <br /> <br />ht. radar tops <br />shower duration by <br />radar est rainfal <br /> <br />tation <br /> <br />p <br /> <br />of pree <br /> <br />Ine, Prob <br />ground <br /> <br />in <br />of <br />in <br /> <br />Inc <br />Inc <br />Inc <br /> <br />a <br />b <br />e <br /> <br />fl ares <br /> <br />acetone <br />in updrafts <br />l40g per ~loud <br /> <br />Ag <br />t S <br /> <br />Dry ice, <br />in updra <br /> <br />AgI 'Na <br />bu rne rs <br />120 or <br /> <br />966-68 <br /> <br />967 <br /> <br />Flagstaff <br />Ariz, <br /> <br /><)69) <br /> <br />steIn and HaeCready <br /> <br />We <br /> <br />o mln <br /> <br />[17 <br /> <br />ghton <br /> <br />HeN <br /> <br />} <br /> <br /><0,0 <br />,0.01 <br /> <br />Cloud base <br />iUI <br /> <br />1 at <br />chJJ .t <br /> <br />rainfa <br />show,.r <br /> <br />nc <br />Ill' <br /> <br />a <br />tJ <br /> <br />on burned <br />,'j olld <br />I "v';l- <br />500g hr- <br /> <br />II <br /> <br />AgI 'Nal SOIIl <br />J II updrtJ J l:; j <br />4km a.bove sea <br />(--60C level) <br /> <br />968-69 <br /> <br />Rhodesia <br /> <br />I <br />.p- <br />I <br /> <br />1968 <br /> <br />90-92 <br /> <br />pp <br /> <br />973) <br /> <br />Pane <br /> <br />0,01 } <br />0.005 <br /> <br />cloud height <br />radar est. rainfal <br /> <br />in <br />in <br /> <br />Ine <br />Inc <br /> <br />a <br />b <br /> <br />AgI: About 2050g pyro- <br />technics per cloud from <br />cloud tOI - <br /> <br />1970 <br /> <br />Florida <br /> <br />'1l2} <br /> <br />elsk <br /> <br />and Kosc <br /> <br />s <br /> <br />Deno <br /> <br />0,01 <br />0,10 <br /> <br />echoes closer to cloud base <br />in echo tops for AgI seed <br /> <br />Radar <br />Inc <br /> <br />a <br />b <br /> <br />Salt, -50kg, or one to <br />6 IlO-g AgI flares in <br />updrafts tJelow cloud <br />base (random choice <br />1/3 cases no seed) <br /> <br />1969-70 <br /> <br />Cloud Catcher <br /> <br />97501) <br /> <br />et al <br /> <br />Dennis <br /> <br />0.06(salt) <br />O.OJ(AgI) <br /> <br />~~~;; } <br /> <br />rainfall <br /> <br />if top temp. >-10oC <br />ncrease if top temp <br /> <br />est <br /> <br />n rada r <br /> <br />cases <br />c, Increases <br /> <br />No effect <br />Rainfall <br />< -lOoe <br /> <br />a <br />b <br /> <br />AgI pyrotechnics fired <br />in updrafts -250m below <br />cloud !:.~p <br /> <br />973-75 <br /> <br />Rhodesia <br /> <br />(1977) <br /> <br />976) <br /> <br />kov et aI <br /> <br />McNaughton <br /> <br />BI <br /> <br />0,05 <br /> <br />Radar data througl 975 indicate <br />rainfall increasen over amounts <br />predicted by regression equation <br /> <br />a('etone, <br />updrafts <br /> <br />in <br />i <br /> <br />AgI 'NH~! <br />500g hr <br /> <br />1973- <br /> <br />Ukraine <br /> <br />n <br /> <br />---.-----.-.-- <br /> <br />ilK <br /> <br />seed <br /> <br />---- - <br /> <br />~O ..in after <br /> <br />n beglnlling <br /> <br />ra <br /> <br />ng <br /> <br />found by .enur <br /> <br />*Bes t. reayl t <br /> <br />'1 <br /> <br />TABLE 1 <br />