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<br />- <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />ABSTRACT <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />Investigations have been made of winter mountain storms as part of <br /> <br />an evaluation of the State of Utah operational weather modification <br /> <br />program. <br /> <br />Many of the clouds in the Tushar Mtns study area are shallow <br /> <br />.' <br /> <br />and long-lived. <br /> <br />Remote sensing techniques were therefore employed to <br /> <br />collect much of the required cloud data. <br /> <br />Key questions addressed <br /> <br />concern the delivery of seeding materials to clouds over the mountains, <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />the spatial and temporal distributions of supercooled liquid water in <br /> <br />the clouds, and the evolution and inner workings of winter mountain <br /> <br />storms. <br /> <br />It is found from sulfur hexafluoride tracer studies that the <br /> <br />__ _. __..~".,~.~" ..__. "..,.....__...~..",.......,,~ ',,'r'.' ,~." .~....'" <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />win~ structure near the Tushar Mtns can vary during a storm and affect <br />___"..~~.-.~_.---_..._,,,,.....,",..._M_.,""'-". ;"~''''''''''''';-'~__'''''''_~ <br /> <br />the delivery of seeding materials. At times the wind can be toward the <br /> <br />~,_.._.o",...,..,,,,,,....~,. .',.~-..'"'' <br /> <br />mountains and promote delivery and at other times it can be parallel to <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />the mountains and prevent de Ii very. <br /> <br />The measurements of supercooled <br /> <br />liquid water made with a steerable microwave radiometer show that the <br /> <br />initial rise of the Tushar Mtns promotes development of the water and <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />that consumption of the water as it travels with the cloud further up <br /> <br />the slopes can exceed any additional condensation. <br /> <br />The supercoole~ <br /> <br />liquid water tends to be located at lower levels of the clouds, often at <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />temperatures warmer than -lOCo The supercooled liquid water flux across <br /> <br />the Tushar Mtns is dominated by a few large events. This points to the <br /> <br />importance from the standpoint of precipitation augmentation of <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />identifying those large events. <br /> <br />A major winter mountain storm has been studied in detail using a <br /> <br />....;;;..,.....; ,.,.~,~...,;..."""-".-.",,,. ...:.."..,-.,., <br /> <br />variety of remote sens~ng and other information. The study considers a <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />variety of scales from the synoptic through the mesoscale to the <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />-iii- <br />