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Last modified
7/28/2009 2:34:07 PM
Creation date
4/11/2008 3:44:32 PM
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Template:
Weather Modification
Title
Guidelines for Cloud Seeding to Augment Precipitation
Date
1/1/1995
Weather Modification - Doc Type
Report
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<br />ASPECTS OF PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT <br /> <br />41 <br /> <br />2.5 CONCLUSION <br /> <br />Economic, environmental, and social factors will determine whether or <br />not a cloud seeding program is accepted. Risk-benefit assessments are <br />appropriate for each of these categories. Some may be required and <br />formal. Such assessments will include, but can go far beyond, facts and <br />uncertainties about the efficacy of the technology. Many levels of sophis- <br />tication are possible in measuring, analyzing, and projecting the inter- <br />twined socio-environmental-economic effects. Benefits of cloud seeding <br />are determinable for increased hydropower generation, salinity reduc- <br />tion, enhanced snowpack for ski industries, and increased water supplies <br />for fish and wildlife, recreation, municipal, industrial, and agricultural <br />users. However, most of the analyses reported here have been predicated <br />on the assumption of some specified increase in precipitation. Also, each <br />of these potential benefits carries some liabilities. The possibilities and <br />costs of meeting the requirements by alternative methods, and the conse- <br />quences of having no such technology, should be considered. Appropri- <br />ate measures of possible direct and indirect effects, and divisions of <br />responsibilities for providing the analyses and dealing with their out- <br />comes, must be determined. <br />The potential sphere of influence of the cloud seeding operation and <br />the goals of the analyses are important considerations. The heterogeneity <br />of the affected population gives rise to diverse goals and the potential for <br />controversy. Awareness of public concerns, a responsive and well-guided <br />public involvement program, a corresponding decision process, and on- <br />going evaluation of both the direct and indirect effects will provide many <br />appropriate checks and balances as a cloud seeding program is brought <br />from concept to application. The fundamental principles to be applied to <br />successful siting and operation are not unique to cloud seeding projects; <br />the same kinds of issues are encountered with power transmission lines, <br />waste-to-energy conversion facilities, and nuclear-waste disposal facili- <br />ties, and a multitude of other less "newsworthy" endeavors that may <br />benefit mankind if properly guided and managed. Whether to temper a <br />view of the risks of conducting cloud seeding with a perspective for the <br />risks of not understanding and developing alternative technologies for <br />providing adequate water supplies is a matter of social choice. The <br />startup and continuation of a cloud seeding program will most likely <br />depend on the perceptions of the benefits and liabilities as derived from <br />this whole process, the diligence with which effects are monitored, and <br />how well public involvement is maintained. <br /> <br />2.6 REFERENCES <br /> <br />Anderson, E. (1973). "National Weather Service River Forecast System Snow <br />Accumulation and Ablation Model." NOAA 1echnical Memo NWS HYDRO-17, <br />United States Department of Commerce, Silve'r Spring, MD. <br />
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