<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />Mossop, S. C., 1985: Secondary ice particle production during
<br />rime growth: the effect of drop size distribution and rimer
<br />velocity. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 1113-1124.
<br />
<br />Orville, H. D., 1965: A numerical study of the initiation of
<br />cumulus clouds over the mountainous terrain. J. Atmos.
<br />Sci., 22, 684-699. .
<br />
<br />_' 1968: Ambient wind effects on the initiation of cumulus
<br />clouds over the mountains. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 385-403.
<br />
<br />_' and F. J. Kopp, 1977: Numerical simulation of a life
<br />history of a hailstonn. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1596-1618.
<br />
<br />Ovtchinnikov, M., Y. L. Kogan, 2000: An Investigation of Ice
<br />Production Mechanisms in Small Cumulifonn Clouds
<br />Using a 3D Model with Explicit Microphysics. Part I:
<br />Model Description. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2989-3003.
<br />
<br />_' and _' A. M. Blyth, 2000: An Investigation of Ice
<br />Production Mechanisms in Small Cumuliform Clouds
<br />Using a 3D Moc:lel with Explicit Microphysics. Part II: Case
<br />Study of New Mexico Cumulus Clouds. J. Atmos. Sci.,
<br />57,3004-3020.
<br />
<br />Rangno, A. L., and P. V. Hobbs, 1991: Ice particle
<br />concentrations and precipitation development in small
<br />polar maritime cumulifonn clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor.
<br />Soc., 117, 207-241.
<br />
<br />Rasmussen, R. M., and A. J. Heymsfield, 1985: A generalized
<br />fonn for impact velocities used to determine graupel
<br />accretion densities. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2275-2279.
<br />
<br />Reisin, T., S. Tzivion, and Z. Levin, 1996: Seeding Convective
<br />Clouds with Ice Nuclei or Hygroscopic Particles: A
<br />Numerical Study Using a Model with Detailed
<br />Microphysics. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 1416-1434.
<br />
<br />Reisner, J., R. M. Rasmussen, and R. T. Bruintjes, 1998:
<br />Explicit forecasting of supercooled liquid water in winter
<br />storms using the MM5 mesoscale model. Quart. J. Roy.
<br />Meteor. Soc., 124, 1071-1107.
<br />
<br />Rogers, E., T. L. Black, D. G. Deaven, G. J. DiMego, Q. Zhao,
<br />M. Baldwin, N. W. Junker, and Y. Lin, 1996: Changes to
<br />the Operational "Early" Eta Analysis/Forecast System at
<br />the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Wea.
<br />and Forecasting, 11,391-416
<br />
<br />Rogers, E., T. Black, B. Ferrier, Y. Lin, D. Parrish, and G.
<br />DiMego, 2001: Changes to the NCEP Meso Eta Analysis
<br />and Forecast System: Increase in resolution, new cloud
<br />microphysics, modified precipitation assimilation, modified
<br />3DVAR analysis. NWS Technical Procedures Bulletin at
<br />htto:I!www.emc.nceO.noaa.Qov/mmb/mmboll/eta12tob/
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />. .
<br />Rotunno, R., J. Klemp, and M. L. Weisman, 1988: A theory for
<br />strong, long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 463-
<br />485.
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />Rutledge, S. A., and P. V. Hobbs, 1983: The mesoscale and
<br />microscale structure and organization of clouds and
<br />precipitation in mid latitude cyclones. Part VIII: A model
<br />for the "seeder-feeder" process in warm-frontal rainbands.
<br />J. Almas. Sci., 40, 1185-1206.
<br />
<br />_' and _, 1984: The mesoscale and microscale
<br />structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in
<br />mid latitude cyclones. Part XII: A diagnostic modeling
<br />study of precipitation development in narrow cold-frontal
<br />rainbands. J. Almas. Sci., 41, 2949-2972.
<br />
<br />Ryan, B. F., 2000: A Bulk Parameterization of the Ice Particle
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />Size Distribution and the Optical Properties in Ice Clouds.
<br />J. Afmos. Sci., 57,1436-1451.
<br />
<br />Soong, S.-T., 1974: Numerical Simulation of Warm Rain
<br />Development in an Axisymmetric Cloud Model. J. Atmos.
<br />Sci.,31,1262-1285.
<br />
<br />Starr, D. O'C., S. K. Cox, 1985: Cirrus Clouds. Part I: A Cirrus
<br />Cloud Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2663-2681.
<br />
<br />Sundqvist, H., 1978: A parameterization scheme for non-
<br />convective condensation including prediction of cloud
<br />water content. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104,677-690.
<br />
<br />_' E. Berge, J. E. Krist jansson, 1989: Condensation and
<br />Cloud Parameterization Studies with a Mesoscale
<br />Numerical Weather Prediction Model. Mon. Wea. Rev.
<br />117, 1641-1657.
<br />
<br />Takahashi, T., 1981: Warm Rain Development in a Three-
<br />Dimensional Cloud Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1991-2013.
<br />
<br />Tao, W.-K., and J. Simpson, 1993: The Goddard Cumulus
<br />Ensemble Model. Part I: Model description. Terr. Atmos.
<br />Oceanic Sci., 4, 35-72.
<br />
<br />Toracinta, E. R., D. J. Cecil, E. J. Zipser, S. W. Nesbitt, 2002:
<br />Radar, Passive Microwave, and Lightning Characteristics
<br />of Precipitating Systems in the Tropics. Man. Wea. Rev.,
<br />130,802-824.
<br />
<br />Wisner, C., H. D. Orville, and C. Myers, 1972: A Numerical
<br />Model of a Hail-Bearing Cloud. J. Afmas. Sci., 29, 1160-
<br />1181.
<br />
<br />Yeh, H.-Y. M., N. Prasad, R, A. Mack, R. F. Adler, 1990:
<br />Aircraft Microwave Observations and Simulations of Deep
<br />Convection from 18 to 183 GHz. Part II: Model Results. J.
<br />Atmos. Oceanic Techno/., 7, 392-410.
<br />
<br />Zhao, Q., F. H. Carr, 1997: A Prognostic Cloud Scheme for
<br />Operational NWP Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1931-
<br />1953.
<br />
<br />_' T. L. Black, M. E. Baldwin, 1997: Implementation of the
<br />Cloud Prediction Scheme in the Eta Model at NCEP. Wea.
<br />and Forecasting, 12,697-712.
<br />
<br />Ziegler, C. L., 1985: Retrieval of Thermal and Microphysical
<br />Variables in Observed Convective Storms. Part 1: Model
<br />Development and Preliminary Testing. J. Atmos. Sci., 42,
<br />1487-1509.
<br />
<br />13
<br />
|