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<br /> 25 100 <br /> 20 80 ~ <br /> 0 <br /> w <br /> 15 60 > <br />0:: t- <br />W <l <br />m ...J <br />~ 10 40 :) <br />:) ~ <br />z :) <br /> 0 <br /> 5 20 <br /> 0 0 <br /> -20 -12 -4 4 12 20 <br /> VERTICAL VELOCITY (mts) <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />Fig. 2.19: Differential (thin line) and cumulative (heavy line) <br />distributions for the measurements of vertical velocity. The average <br />vertical velocity for the I-kIn region of maximum liquid water content <br />was plotted for each pass, and all first passes through clouds in 1978 <br />that were between the -5 and -150C levels were included. <br /> <br />flights of the Wyoming Queen Air in the NHRE project (Fankhauser et <br /> <br />aI., 1982), even though the NHRE flights were generally much closer <br /> <br />to the cloud bases. <br /> <br />2.11: <br /> <br />Buoyancy . <br /> <br />The buoyancy of the clouds was determined by <br /> <br />comparing the virtual potential temperature outside of cloud to that <br /> <br />measured inside the cloud. Only penetrations in a downwind direction <br /> <br />were used, so that a good reference temperature could be established <br /> <br />before cloud entry. No correction was made for the minor effects caused <br /> <br />by small changes in flight altitude during the penetration, or for the <br /> <br />weight of the hydrometeors in the cloud. <br /> <br />Fig. 2.20 shows the frequency with which various values of the <br /> <br />in-cloud buoyancy were measured. The distribution is sharply peaked at <br /> <br />neutr al buoyancy (as expected from the arguments of Telford, 1975), <br /> <br />29 <br />