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<br />0.1 <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />0.05 <br />-8 <br /> <br />-10 -12 -14 -16 <br /> <br />-18 -20 -22 -24 <br /> <br />TEMPERATURE OF CLOUD TOP (DC) <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />Fig. 2.16: Ice crystal concentration as a function of cloud top <br />temperature for 85 growing clouds penetrated wi thin about 0.5 kIn of <br />cloud top. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />warmer than -250C. Generally representative concentrations were O.l/L <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />at -lOoC and llL at -180C. <br /> <br />Another approach to these data was to determine the percentage of <br /> <br />clouds which contain ice concentrations in excess of O.l/L, as a <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />function of the cloud top tanperature. <br /> <br />Fig. 2.17 shows that the <br /> <br />percentage increased from zero at -lOoC to near 100% at -240C, in an <br /> <br />a~ost linear fashion. The probabilities were similar to those measured <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />by Isaac and Schemenauer (1979) in Canada, but were substantially less <br /> <br />than those measured by Mossop (1970) in Tasmania. Generally, the ice <br /> <br />concentrations were wi thin a factor of 2-3 of the ice nucleus <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />measuranents in this area (cf. ~3.1), and it is consistent to attribute <br /> <br />these ice concentrations to primary nucleation. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />26 <br /> <br />. <br />