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<br /> <br />estimate of cloud base. A network of recording rain gauges consisting of seven sites was <br />used to provide information of the distribution of precipitation during the st()rm episodes. . <br /> <br />All instruments were regularly checked and calibrated according to predetermined and <br />set standards. <br /> <br />2.1.2 South Africa <br /> <br />,... <br />J <br />I <br />L. The measurements used in the case .study analyses for the South African cases were <br />collected as part of the Bethlehem Precipitation Research Project (BPRP) (Krauss et al., <br />1987; Bruintjes et al., 1987) and the Program for Atmospheric Water Supply (PAWS) <br />(Mather, 1991). A map of the project areas is displayed in figure 2. A detailed description <br />\ ' of the observation facilities of the measurements collected at the BPRP and PAWS are <br />provided by Krauss et ale (1987), Mather et ale (1986), and Mather (1991), and will only <br />be s111'n1'n8nzed here. <br /> <br />f ' <br />! <br />I <br />, <br /> <br />The principal measurements discusse4 in the BPRP study were collected with a <br />C-band weather radar operated in volume scan mode and located at Bethlehem. An <br />instrumented Aero Commander 690A aircrart was used to obtain in-cloud microphysical <br />measurements. Ice crystals were collected on oU-coated slides in a decelerator on the <br />research aircraft and later:6lmed or photographed under a microscope (see Bruintjes et <br />al., 1987 lor collection method and analyses procedures). These measurements provided <br />valuable information ol the three dimensional structure ol ice crystals and their . habits. <br />Other instrumentation on the aircraft provided measurements of temperature, humidity, <br />static pressure, air speed and vertical air motions. Liquid water content was measured by <br />a Johnson Williams (JW) probe. A forward-scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) was <br />used to measure droplet spectra and 1D-C and 2D-C Particle Measuring Systems (PMS) <br />probes were used to collect particle images and determine particle concentrations. <br /> <br />Regular raWinsonde releases were done from Bethlehem to obtain vertical profiles of <br />temperature, presllU1'e, dewpoint, wind speed and direction. <br /> <br />L.. <br /> <br />The measurements for the PAWS study were collected with a Pacer m C-band (5 <br /> <br />25 <br /> <br />~ . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br />