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Fall 1997] BIBLIOGAPHY 899 Richard Hamsberger, et aI., Interstate Transfers of Water: State Options after Sporhase. 70 NEB. L. REv. 754 (1991). Charles Howe, Economic, Legal, and Hydrologic Dimensions of Potential Interstate Water Markets, AM. J. AGRIC. EcoN. 1226 (December, 1985). Ann Berkley Rodgers, The Limits of State Activity in the Interstate Water Market, 21 LAND & WATER L. REV. 357 (1986). G. SHERK, CONTROLS OVER INTERSTATE TRANSFERS OF GROUND WATER POST- SPORHASE: STATE AND FEDERAL OPTIONS 187-93 (1984) (Proceedings of National Water Well Association Western Regional Conference on Groundwater Management, Worthington, Ohio). Barton Thompson, Interstate Transfers: Sporhase. Compacts, and Free Markets, in A.L.l.-A.B.A. COURSE OF STUDY: WESTERN WATER LAW IN THE AGE OF REALLOCATION 79 (March II, 1991) (Cosponsored by the University of Arizona College of Law). VI. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER TRANSFERS A water right acquired under the prior appropriation doctrine is a vested property right entitled to protection against interference from other water users. The ability of an appropriator to transfer the legal priority to use a quantity of water is a valuable property right recognized by all appropriation states. This transfer right is not absolute but is qualified. The transfer may not injure other water rights holders. The "no injury rule" is the only universal restriction on transfers. 1. Legal Considerations Some states have imposed additional restrictions on transfers. One is the area-of-origin restriction that limits the transfer of water between watershed within the state. Unlike the "no injury rule," interbasin transfer restrictions are intended to safeguard the needs of communities and regions and not just those of other water users. State restrictions designed to discriminate against out-of-state transfers are constitutionally suspect as impermissible burdens on interstate commerce. A more recent restriction on transfers is the public interest review. While the practice varies from state to state, interest reviews require scrutiny of the transfer to protect public values and to internalize the external cost associated with the transfer. This public interest rubric provides the basis for evaluating third-party impacts associated with transfers. Steven Clyde, Drafting Purchase and Sale Agreements Affecting Water Rights, 3 NAT. RESOURCES & ENV'T 5(1988). Steven Clyde, Adapting to the Changing Demandfor Water Use Through Continued Refinement of the Prior Appropriation Doctrine: An Alternative Approach to Wholesale Reallocation, 29 NAT. RESOURCES J. 435 (1989). Bonnie Colby et aI., Procedural Aspects of State Water Law: Transferring Water Rights in the Western States, 31 ARIZ. L. REV. 697 (1989).