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896 NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL [Vol 37 2. Other Environmental Protection Strategies An alternative literature tract explores the regulatory approach and the nuances ofthe pu lie trust doctrine as a means for reallocating water to protect water-based environmental Jnd recreational resources. l Richard Ausness, Water Rights, the Public Trust Doctrine, and the Protection of Instream Uses, . ILL. L. REV. 407 (1986). Lynda Butler, Environmental Water Rights: An Evolving Concept of Public Property, 9 VA ENW L.J. 323 (1990). David Hallford, Environmental Regulations as Water Rights Taking, 6 NAT. RESOURCES & ENVT.13(1991). John Harbison, Waist Deep in the Big Muddy: Property Rights, Public Values, and Instream Wate , 26 LAND & WATER L. REv. 535 (1991). Ronald Kaiser & Sharon Kelly, Water Rightsfor Texas Estuaries, 18 TEX. TECH L. REv. 1121 (1987). RONALD KAISER & SHARON KELLY, PROTECTING FRESHWATER INFLOWS INT TEXAS ESTUARIES: AN EVALUATION OF LEGAL STRATEGIES 131-39 (198 ) (Proceedings of the Society of the Agricultural Engineers' National Symposium on Water Resource Law, Chicago, lllinois). Joseph Kaufman, An Analysis of Developing Instream Water Rights in Oregon,28 WILLAMETT L. REv. 285 (1992). V. INTERBASIN TRANSFERS One approach to providing water in areas of limited supply is to physically transfer wate from one watershed to another. This is cryptically termed the engineering approach because of the extensive infrastructure needed to move the water. Interbasin transfers have been a common means of augmenting supply through the United States. For example, New York City gets part of its municipal water from the Delaware Basin, Denver from the Colorado River Basin and Los Angeles from the Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins. Since these large-scale interstate transfers evoke substantial political and legal controversy they have limited viability for meeting the new water needs. Smaller intrastate transfers have been more commonplace and may have some potential. Because of the possible severe effects on the economy, ecology, culture, lifestyle and potential future growth in the originating basin most states have established "area-of -origin" protection requirements. These statutory safeguards increase transfer costs and may impose substantial barriers to transfers. 1. Intrastate Transfers Robert Abrams, Interbasin Transfer in a Riparian Jurisdiction, 24 WM. & MARY L. REV. 591 (1983).