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<br />CONTENTS <br /> <br />1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .. 1 <br /> <br />2. Observations from the 1994-95 winter .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 <br /> <br />3. Observations from the 1995-96 winter .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 <br />3.1 Snowfall measurement considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 <br />3.2. Albany, New York, observations .......................................... 4 <br />3.3. Denver, Colorado, observations ........................................... 6 <br />3.4. Cleveland, Ohio, observations ........................................... 11 <br /> <br />4. Data processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 <br /> <br />4.1 Belfort gage chart reduction ............................................ 13 <br />4.2 Processing of Level II radar tapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14 <br /> <br />5. Comparison of Cleveland and Denver snowfalls .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 <br /> <br />6. Calculation of radar-estimated snowfall accumulations ............................ 17 <br /> <br />7. Z-S and Ze-S relationships for snowfall ........................................ 18 <br /> <br />7.1 Introduction ........................................................ 18 <br /> <br />7.2 Review of some Z-S relationships ........................................ 20 <br /> <br />8. Optimization scheme for determination of a. and ~ coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 <br /> <br />9. Application of optimization scheme to Cleveland and Denver data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25 <br />9.1 Cleveland observations ................................................ 25 <br />9.2 Denver observations .................................................. 32 <br />9.3 Significance of different Ze-S relations for Cleveland and Denver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35 <br /> <br />10. Development of a snow accumulation algorithm for the NEXRAD radar system, <br />first version: June 1996 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37 <br />10.1 Introduction ........................................................ 37 <br />10.2 Relationship to other OSF software programs .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. . . " 37 <br />10.2.1 The PPS algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 <br />10.2.2 The VAD algorithm .............................................. 39 <br /> <br />v <br /> <br /> <br />11. Functional description of the Snow Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 <br />11.1 General functions and subroutines ...................................... 41 <br />11.2 Program unit description for the snow algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41 <br /> <br />11.3 Outputs........................................................ .... 46 <br /> <br />12. Strengths and limitations ........................................... . . . . .. 47 <br /> <br />13. Future enhancements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47 <br /> <br />14. Summary and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 49 <br />14.1 Project overview and summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49 <br />14.2 Recommendations for further study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 54 <br /> <br />15. References ............................................................ 55 <br />