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Last modified
7/28/2009 2:32:29 PM
Creation date
1/8/2008 11:54:38 AM
Metadata
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Template:
Weather Modification
Sponsor Name
USBR Technical Serivce Center, River Systems & Meteorology Group
Project Name
Snow Accumulation Algorithm for the WSR-88D Radar, Version 1
Title
Snow Accumulation Algorithm for the WSR-88D Radar, Version 1
Prepared For
USBR
Prepared By
Arlin B. Super and Edmond W. Holroyd
Date
6/1/1996
State
CO
Weather Modification - Doc Type
Scientific Study
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<br />Table 1. - Locations of two Belfort gage sites in the Albany area. <br /> <br /> Distance! Azim uth <br />Gage Location Latitude Longituqe m.s.!. Elevation from Radar <br />(Operator) (0_') (0_') (m) (kmjO)* <br />Round Lake 42-55.430 73-47.152 59 44/310 <br />.(J. Quinlan) <br />East Durham <br />(F. Stark) 42-20.095 74-03.038 136 28/1780 <br /> <br />* All azimuths are given in degrees (0) true in this report. <br /> <br />A large volunteer network was established around Albany largely through the efforts of John <br />Quinlan. After advertising for volunteers, Mr. Quinlan met with potential snowfall observers <br />to explain the project during a series of meetings around the area of radar coverage. Mr. <br />Quinlan visited those persons with both the interest and a suitable location and gave them <br />instructions and the equipment necessary to make hourly observations of both Sand SD. <br />Mr. Quinlan also took GPS (global positioning system) readings at each location to document <br />latitude and longitude. About 90 volunteers were trained and equipped with appropriate <br />forms for logging data, snowboards (1 by 1 ft), rulers graduated to the nearest 0.1 inch, and <br />Clear Vu ModelllOO rain gages. The latter were not used as gages, but the 4-inch-diameter <br />outer shells with sharp tapered edges were used to core snow on boards after the SD <br />measurement was made at the end of each hour. The cored sample was then melted indoors <br />and the measurement of S was made in the usual manner by pouring the melted water into <br />the 1-l/4-inch-diameter inner tube, which is graduated every 0.01 inch. Snowboard <br />observations are generally more accurate than gage observations unless gages are well <br />protected from the wind. <br /> <br />5 <br /> <br /> <br />Efforts were made to locate Albany network snowboards in reasonably protected locations, <br />but local wind measurements were only made at sites with pre-existing anemometers. Some <br />drifting and scouring of snow from individual boards may have occurred during windier storm <br />periods and network observers in most instances noted this occurrence on the observation <br />form or stopped taking observations at that time. The use of a large number of sampling <br />points should partially compensate for wind-caused errors in the hourly snowboard <br />measurements of Sand SD. <br /> <br />The Albany network was partially or fully activated by phone calls from the WFO on 13 <br />occasions from December 1, 1995, through mid-April 1996 as noted in table 2 supplied by Mr. <br />Quinlan. The start and stop times in table 2 include a couple of hours before and after actual <br />snowfall as each storm approached and left the Albany area. Partial or full network <br />activation depended upon whether the Albany WFO forecasters expected only a portion or all <br />of the WSR-88D's area or coverage to be affected by an approaching stonn. The network was <br />activated only when forecasters expected dry snowfall without bright band effects. <br />
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