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<br />23 <br /> <br />Gunnarson <br /> <br />Congressional authorization for Reclamation to repair and modify its <br />deficient dams for dam (1978 and revised in 1984) <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />safety purposes <br /> <br />Reclamation Dam Safety Office established, <br /> <br />Established a much stronger Emergency Management program <br />(including Emergency Preparedness Plans, which are now called <br />Emergency Action Plans, inundation maps, and Standing Operating <br />Procedures for dams), (Note: the purposes of the two programs that <br />Reclamation calls the Dam Safety and the Emergency Management <br />Programs are very similar; to minimize downstream loss of life during <br />a serious event. Safety of Dams is more geared to finding and <br />correcting a deficiency at a dam while Emergency Management <br />emphasizes preparedness actions to take during the operational life of <br />the dam to ensure the safety of the public <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />dams were greatly changed, <br /> <br />Requirements for instrumentation at <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />were implemented in the design and construc- <br /> <br />More elaborate controls <br />tion of dams, <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />~ <br />. <br /> <br />, <br /> <br />, <br />! <br /> <br />were initiated <br /> <br />More public involvement was required during the design and construc- <br />tion of dams <br /> <br />Independent consultant reviews of dam designs <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />were established <br /> <br />Memos of Understanding were signed with each of 17 western States <br />to share information related to Reclamation dams. and <br /> <br />safety and dam operators training courses <br /> <br />Dam <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />of dam <br /> <br />the risk and probability <br /> <br />to evaluate <br /> <br />Research was initiated <br />failure <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />Ongoing Program Changes <br /> <br />Continuing changes took place in the Safety of Dams and Emergency <br />Management Programs over the years. An example was that during the late <br />1980s, the emphasis on structural modification at dams for Safety of Dams <br />deficiencies broadened to include nonstructural corrective actions such as <br /> <br />early warning systems. With all five components of an early warning system <br />in place, Reclamation's capability to provide timely warning to local <br />authorities of life-threatening operational releases or dam failure is enhanced, <br />which in turn facilitates a safe evacuation of the impacted population. The <br />early warning system designed and installed at Olympus Dam and its <br />