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Despite generally unsuitable weather conditions, cloud microphysical seeding signatures resulting from <br />salt-powder seeding were documented successfully in SPECTRA II. The use of a special navigation system, <br />designed specifically for SPECTRA II, that allowed for the real-time visualization of the experiment as it <br />unfolded and the use and detection of SF tracer gas were essential to this success. Without these tools it would <br />6 <br />have been impossible to specify objectively the microphysical effect of hygroscopic salt-powder seeding. These <br />few cases did not, however, permit full microphysical documentation of the effects of seeding, including the <br />formation of raindrops and the effect of the seeding on ice processes. <br /> Concurrent with the field experiments was an extensive SPECTRA II cloud-modeling effort to simulate <br />the effects of hygroscopic salt-powder and flare seeding on the clouds. The modeled salt-powder seeding <br />signature was quite similar to what was observed in the SPECTRA II field experiments, making the model <br />results, indicating precipitation increases from hygroscopic seeding much more credible than they might have <br />been otherwise. The model results also indicated that salt-powder seeding is superior to flare seeding because it <br />m <br />is possible to produce salt powder having particles near the optimum size of 2 radius. This is not possible <br />as yet with flares that contain many small hygroscopic particles that are detrimental to precipitation <br />enhancement in addition to the fewer optimal larger particles. <br /> The greatest strength of SUPRECIP II was thisinteraction between the field observations and cloud <br />modeling. Although each program component was valuable its own right, it was the interactive agreement <br />between observations and simulations that was most valuable. Because the observed and modeled seeding <br />signatures were very similar, the subsequent model indications of seeding induced increases in precipitation are <br />more credible now than they were prior to SPECTRA II. <br /> Because the model simulations indicate that the use of salt-powder is superior to the use of hygroscopic <br />flares, because all known flare formulations contain too many detrimental small hygroscopic particles, it would <br />have been interesting to compare the seeding signatures of the two seeding agents as was planned. Hadthe <br />weather been more cooperative in SPECTRA II and had it been possible to secure the needed hygroscopic <br />flares, it would have been highly instructive to have made these comparisons. This important comparison <br />should be addressed in future studies. <br /> Although the model simulations for SPECTRA II indicate that hygroscopic salt-powder seeding, having <br />m <br />nearly monodisperse particle sizes in the range of 2 to 2.5 <br />ô ¿®» ­«°»®·±® ¬± ¸§¹®±­½±°·½ º´¿®»­ô ·¬ ³«­¬ ¾» <br />®»½±¹²·¦»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ³±­¬ ±º ¬¸» ¿°°¿®»²¬ ·²½®»¿­»­ ·² ®¿·²º¿´´ º®±³ ¸§¹®±­½±°·½ ­»»¼·²¹ ­·²½» ïçç𠸿ª» ¾»»² <br />°®±¼«½»¼ ¾§ º´¿®»­ò ײ ª·»© ±º ¬¸» ³¿­­ ±º ²«½´»¿²¬ «­»¼ ·² ¬¸»­» »¨°»®·³»²¬­ ¿²¼ ·² ª·»© ±º ¬¸» ÍÐÛÝÌÎß ×× <br />³±¼»´ ­·³«´¿¬·±²­ô ·¬ ·­ ²±¬ ½´»¿® ¸±© ¬¸·­ ¸¿­ ¬¿µ»² °´¿½»ò ͱ³» ¸¿ª» ·²ª±µ»¼ ¬¸» °®±¼«½¬·±² ±º ­»½±²¼¿®§ <br />½´±«¼­ ¾§ ¬¸» ·²·¬·¿´ ¸§¹®±­½±°·½ º´¿®» ­»»¼·²¹ ¿­ °±­­·¾´§ °´¿§·²¹ ¿ ®±´»ò ׬ ·­ ´·µ»´§ ¬¸¿¬ íóÜ ³±¼»´·²¹ ©·´´ ¾» <br />«­»º«´ ·² ½´¿®·º§·²¹ ¬¸·­ ³¿¬¬»®ò <br /> <br /> ̸»­» ÍÐÛÝÌÎß ×× ®»­«´¬­ ¸¿ª» ·³°´·½¿¬·±²­ ¬¸¿¬ ¹± ¾»§±²¼ °®»½·°·¬¿¬·±² »²¸¿²½»³»²¬ò Þ»½¿«­» <br />ÕÄÖËÎÊÚÎÍÔÚÊÜÑÉÍÎÆÙØËÊØØÙÔÏÖÚÑØÜËÑÄÜÑÉØËÊÚÑÎÈÙÐÔÚËÎÊÉËÈÚÉÈËØÏÎÉÉÕËÎÈÖÕÉÕØÊÎÚÜÑÑØÙmÚÎÐÍØÉÔÉÔÎÏ <br />Ø××ØÚÉlÛÈÉÉÕËÎÈÖÕÉÕØÙÔËØÚÉÍËÎÙÈÚÉÔÎÏÎ×ÑÜËÖØÚÑÎÈÙÙËÎÍÊÜÏÙÉÕØÏËÜÔÏÙËÎÍÊÎÏÉÕØÊÔÃØÙÐÎÏÎÙÔÊÍØËÊØ <br />²«½´»¿²¬ô ·¬ ©±«´¼ ¿°°»¿® ¬¸¿¬ ¸»¿ª§ ­«½¸ ­»»¼·²¹ ¸¿ÊÉÕØÍÎÉØÏÉÔÜÑÉÎÚÕÜÏÖØÇÔÖÎËÎÈÊmÚÎÏÉÔÏØÏÉÜÑlÚÑÎÈÙÊ <br />©·¬¸ ª·¹±®±«­ «°¼®¿º¬­ô ²¿®®±© ¼®±°ó­·¦» ¼·­¬®·¾«¬·±²­ ¿²¼ ¸·¹¸ ½´±«¼ó©¿¬»® ½±²¬»²¬­¬± ½´±«¼­ ¸¿ª·²¹ ¿ <br />mÐÜËÔÉÔÐØlÊÉËÈÚÉÈËØÚÕÜËÜÚÉØËÔÃØÙÛÄ»¿®´§ ¼»°´»¬·±² ±º ¬¸»½´±«¼ ©¿¬»®ô ¾§ ¸»¿ª§ ¹´¿½·¿¬·±² ¿¬ ®»´¿¬·ª»´§ ©¿®³ <br />± <br />¬»³°»®¿¬«®»­ ø·ò»òô ¾§ ¿¾±«¬ óïðÝ÷ô ¿²¼ ¾§ »¿®´§ °®»½·°·¬¿¬·±² º±®³¿¬·±²ò Þ»½¿«­» ¸·¹¸´§ ³¿®·¬·³» ½´±«¼­ ®¿®»´§ <br />°®±¼«½» ¬±®²¿¼±»­ ¿²¼ ¸¿·´ô ¬¸» °±­­·¾·´·¬§ »¨·­¬­ º±® ¬¸» ®»¿´ó¬·³» °®±¬»½¬·±² ±º ª«´²»®¿¾´» «®¾¿² ¿®»¿­ º®±³ <br />­»ª»®» ©»¿¬¸»® »ª»²¬­ ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¸»¿ª§ ¸§¹®±­½±°·½ ­¿´¬ó°±©¼»® ­»»¼·²¹ò ο¬¸»® ¬¸¿² ·²¼·­½®·³·²¿¬» ­»»¼·²¹ ·² <br />10 <br />