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<br /> <br />Figure 4.1. High-pressure Membrane Array Installed on a Skid. <br /> <br /> <br />Figure 4.2. Low-pressure Hollow Fiber Membrane Cassette. <br /> <br />4.2 Membrane Performance Parameters Related to Concentrate <br /> <br />The two primary measures of membrane performance are rejection and recovery. <br />Rejection is the percentage of the contaminant removed by the membrane. Rejection of <br />molecular contaminants or TDS by RO or NF membranes typically exceeds 98%, <br />meaning practically all of the contaminants are removed by the membrane. <br /> <br />Recovery measures the percent of the water supplied to the membrane that is treated <br />and available for use. Typically, for brackish water applications, recovery on the order of <br />80% to 85% can be obtained during treatment. So, while 80% to 85% of the water <br />supplied to the membrane is treated and available for use, the remaining 15% to 20% of <br /> <br />9 <br />