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<br />TABLE OF CONTENTS <br /> <br />Executive Summary <br /> <br />1.0 Introduction <br /> <br />2.0 Background <br />2.1 General <br />2.2 Membrane Treatment Workgroup <br />2.2.1 Mission Statement <br />2.2.2 Strategic Goals <br /> <br />3.0 Drivers of Membrane Treatment <br />3.1 Water Supply Limitations <br />3.2 Sources and Trends in TDS <br />3.3 Practical Effects of Agricultural Irrigation on TDS <br /> <br />4.0 Membrane Treatment Overview <br />4.1 Types of Membranes <br />4.2 Membrane Performance Parameters Related to Concentrate <br />4.3 Membrane Treatment Design Considerations <br />4.4 High Recovery RO Systems for Concentrate Reduction <br />4.5 Cost Information <br /> <br />5.0 Concentrate Handling and Disposal Options <br />5.1 Discharge to Surface Water <br />5.2 Other Current Options <br />5.3 Zero Liquid Discharge <br />5.4 Different Regulatory Options Considered <br />5.4.1 Additional Numeric Criteria <br />5.4.2 Treatment Technology Requirements <br />5.4.3 Drinking Water Design Review and Approval <br />5.4.4 Watershed Based Requirements <br /> <br />6.0 Energy Considerations in Membrane Treatment and Brine Disposal <br /> <br />7.0 Pilot Testing of ZLD Technology <br /> <br />8.0 Conclusions and Recommendations <br /> <br />Figures <br />Figure 3.1. Schematic of Agricultural Sprinkler Irrigation Effects on TDS Concentration. <br />Figure 4.1. High-pressure Membrane Array Installed on Skid. <br />Figure 4.2. Low-pressure Hollow Fiber Membrane Cassette. <br />Figure 4.3. Relationship between TDS in the Concentrate and Recovery Assuming an <br />Untreated Water of TDS of 1,000 mg/L. <br />Figure 4.4. Simplified Membrane Surface Water Treatment Train. <br />