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<br />DRAFT-Not for distribution
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<br />Protection of the Global Environment: Developing Criteria for Peremptory Norms, " 11
<br />Georgetown Int'l Envtl. Law Review 101, at fn. 3 (1998). "Jus Cogens" is a concept somewhat
<br />related to the concept of obligations "erga omnes" ("toward all") expected of states. See,
<br />generally, Maurizio Ragazzi, The Concept of International Obligations Erga Omnes (Oxford:
<br />Clarendon Press, 1997). For a skeptical appraisal of the peremptory norms, see Anthony
<br />D' Amato, "It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's Jus Cogens!" 6 Connecticut Journal ofInternational Law
<br />1 (1991).
<br />
<br />162 Uhlman, id, at 110.
<br />163 Uhlman, id, at 109.
<br />
<br />164 Uhlman, id, at 120-127.
<br />
<br />165 Upadhye, supra, n. 116.
<br />
<br />166Koe, Adriana, supra, n. 135
<br />
<br />167 Uhlman, supra, note 161.
<br />
<br />168 While the International Court of Justice in its 1997 Gabcikovo-Nagymaros judgment failed to
<br />find in the facts before it a "state of necessity" in terms of environmental peril, it did recognize
<br />"that safeguarding the ecological balance has come to be considered an 'essential interest' of all
<br />States." Gabcikovo-Nagymaros (Hungary v. Slovakia), I.C.J. 7 Project (September 25 1997)
<br />Preiss, supra, n. 74; Koe, supra, n. 135.
<br />
<br />169 A. Dan Tarlock, "International Water Law and the Protection of River System Ecosystem
<br />Integrity," 10 BYU Journal of Public Law 181,200 (1996), citing The Lake Lanoux Arbitration
<br />(France v. Spain), 24 I.L.R. 101 (1957), and Charles B. Bourne, "The Right to Utilize the Water
<br />ofInternational Rivers," in 1965 The Canadian YearbookofInternational Law 1987, 190-203.
<br />
<br />170 June 14, 1992, Principle 2 provides that States have, in accordance with the Charter of the
<br />United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own
<br />resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility
<br />to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the
<br />environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
<br />http://www.unep.org/Docurnents/Default.asp?DocurnentID=78&ArticleID= 1163.
<br />
<br />171 See Hundley, note 54, supra at 41-136.
<br />
<br />172 For a summary of Mexican water law and institutions, see "Mexico's Domestic Framework
<br />for Transboundary Water Management," Chapter 1 in North American Environmental Law and
<br />Policy (Commission for Environmental Cooperation) (Montreal: Editions Yvon Blais, 2001), at
<br />27-36. Also, see, Sergio Moreno Mejia, "Legal Framework for Water Use Management in
<br />Mexico," unpublished paper available by contacting authors; and Jose Ramon Cossio Diaz,
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