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Revised: 7/26/2007 <br />Solving Cognitive Conflict : Resolution requires a resort to information sources which <br />are credible to all participants. Cognitive conflict can sometimes be solved through <br />collaborative efforts where different opinions, concerns, and values can be <br />communicated. Adaptive management is a popular framework for dealing with cognitive <br />conflict. <br /> <br />Macro Institutional Problems <br /> <br />Factors encouraging institutional change: Growing demands on resour ces; Technological <br />change; Changing social values; Previous rule - making exercises. <br /> <br />Two factors appear to be most salient in creating an environment conducive to suses of <br />alternative problem - solving: 1) the earlier resolution of fundamental value conflicts ; and <br />2) the existence of symmetrical problem - solving incentives (as opposed to asymmetrical <br />situations). <br />In the asymmetrical situation of maldistribution (including externalities), some <br />parties are benefited from the status quo. Thus, they perceived no p roblem, and <br />have no incentive for institutional change. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />5 <br />