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<br />5. High resolution precipitation gauges for measuring rates of snowfall water equivalent accumulation. <br />6. Instrumented vehicle for Agl, SF6, and ice particle sampling crosswind through the seeding plumes. <br />7. Two manned observing sites to monitor precipitation, ice particles, Agl, SF6, and snow samples for <br />chemical analysis. <br />8. Remote-controlled snow samplers for chemical analysis. <br />9. Remote-controlled AgI generators. <br />10. Remote-controlled indium generators. <br />II. Remote-controlled propane dispensers. <br />12. Remote-controlled SF6 gas dispensers. <br />13. Radar wind profiler with RASS capability for vertical profiles of wind and virtual temperature. <br />14. (Optional) Research aircraft capable of monitoring 3-D position (altitude and GPS), ice particles (2D- <br />C and 2D-P probes), cloud droplets (FSSP probe), liquid water content (King probe), air temperature <br />(tbermistor in reverse flow housing), dew point temperature (billed mirror hygrometer), AgI <br />(acoustical, ice nucleus counter), SF6 (gas detector), and visual cloud structure (video camera). In <br />addition, the aircraft will be capable of monitoring vertical and horizontal winds. <br />15. (Optional) Scanning Doppler C-band (5 cm) weather radar for general surveillance of storm clouds <br />and horizontal wind estimates. . <br /> <br />~ <br /> <br />Warburton et aI. (1989) studied the ratio of co-released silver from AgI and indium from indium iodide. <br />Because indium does not nucleate ice, ratios can indicate which gauges were under seeding plumes. For <br />propane only cases, indium presence will indicate the seeding plume. Chemical analysis of snow samples <br />will provide a means of identifying which precipitation gauges were under the seeding plumes and which <br />were not. . <br /> <br />3.6. Field Studies <br /> <br />A major component of the design phase is the conduct of field studies to determine cloud treatment <br />targeting, equipment type and numbers and siting, and other parameters that are important to conducting <br />cloud seeding. The information is site specific and must be determined for the Headwaters Region. <br />Prototype cloud seeding should be conducted for two winters prior to large-scale deployment of seeding <br />equipment. New field equipment must be tested and operational procedures refined on a limited-scale <br />basis prior to full deployment. The use of propane release for seeding clouds has never been tested in the <br />high altitude zones of the Headwaters Region. Scaling from an initial deployment of several propane <br />dispensers to the desired number is considered the proper approach. Prior to deployment of an entire <br />seeding network, answers must be determined regarding seeding mode, targeting and seeding equipment <br />siting. It is recommended that successful operations be achieved from a limited scale network consisting <br />of two seeding zones before large-scale deployment is pursued. <br /> <br />The prototype seeding project studies should involve weather forecasting and cloud modeling. Field data <br />collection should include the monitoring of SL W at propane dispensers and AgI generators (if used) and <br />the measurements of ice crystal in the target areas with simultaneous monitoring of natural crystals, <br />crosswind of the seeded ice crystal plumes. Some local wind measurements should be made with heated <br />sensors and some accurate air temperature and dewpoint temperature observations should be obtained at <br />dispenser and crest line elevations. A network of high resolution precipitation gages should be deployed, <br />protected from wind effects in forest clearings (Brown and Peck 1962). These gauges will provide <br />accurate high-resolution snow water equivalent observations in and crosswind of the seeded areas. These <br />measurements would provide the basis for a reasonable physical evaluation of seeding effectiveness. <br /> <br />Because significant electrical power will be needed to operate some of the instrumentation, such as <br /> <br />12 <br />