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The Forest Service is in a reactive situation as related to the energy in- dustry. If significant development occurs in the industry, there will be substantially higher demands for use of the Forest for a number of purposes. The areas surrounding the Forest are experiencing relatively rapid and social change. The causes of the change are primarily related to the expansion of the area's recreation economy and the potential for energy development - mostly oil shale and coal. The causes of these changes are regional, national, and international. The Forest Service will respond to specific requests of the recreation industry for additional facilities - particularly downhill ski areas. If demand for additional downhill skiing facilities develops, Alternatives A, B, C, and D will allow the greatest level of expansion and would have the highest poten- tial for causing social change. All alternatives were analyzed for cost-efficiency using Present Net Value (PNV). The Present Net Value is discounted benefits less discounted costs, including those outputs to which monetary values can be assigned. Table 4 displays the PNV for each alternative and the Benefit Cost Ratio. The four percent discounted rate is used for comparison of alternatives, the seven and one-eighth percent rate is used to show the senstivity of the alternatives to different discount rates. Table 4 shows the economic effects of the alternatives. Non-monetary values must also be considered. Net Public Benefit (NPB) is the criterion used to evaluate the overall effect of monetary and non-monetary costs and benefits. Net Public Benefit is the overall value to the nation of all benefits and associated costs. This figure cannot be quantified. ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS THAT CANNOT BE AVOIDED Management Requirements in the proposed Plan are mitigation measures which will be used to limit the extent and duration of effects of implementing the alternatives. However, all alternatives will lead to some adverse and unavoidable effects such as: Visual effects, soil erosion, air pollution, effects from ground disturbing activities such as developed recreation site development, and timber cultural resource road construction, harvest. Increased conflicts between recreation use and land use activities related to commodity outputs. Loss of wildlife habitat and seclusion due to management activities and human disturbance. Consumption of energy to manage and use the Forest's resources. 30