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<br />j, A, STANFORD ET AL
<br />
<br />Adaptive ecosystem management (Lee and Lawrence, 1986) is a useful process for solving the catchment.
<br />scale problems discussed herein, We agree with Stanford and Poole (1996) who advocate an iterative, step.
<br />wise approach that involves synthesis of available information in an ecosystem context to define the pro.
<br />blem, public participation in goal setting (e,g, protection and restoration of native biodiversity), research
<br />and peer review to define science.based management actions (e.g., reregulation), effective monitoring and
<br />evaluation of management actions and adaptive revision of actions based on new information from scientific
<br />research.
<br />
<br />CONCLUSIONS
<br />
<br />Reregulation oflarge river systems from headwaters to mouth for the purpose of restoring and reconnecting
<br />hot spots of native biodiversity and bioproduction has not been accomplished anywhere to date. Our pro.
<br />tocol should be viewed as an hypothesis in need of an experimental catchment. Many candidate rivers exist.
<br />We recognize that this analysis has not adequately considered the economic and social ramifications of our
<br />protocol. A fundamental problem is that the metrics for linking natural and cultural elements of ecosystems
<br />remain elusive. Perhaps that shortcoming can be solved through multidisciplinary examination of large river
<br />ecosystems using adaptive management. However, the reality is that sustainability of natural attributes of
<br />large river ecosystems is vastly compromised by regulation, Site.specific mitigation activities that ignore
<br />the biophysical continuum hold little promise and can be very costly when continued without evaluation
<br />year after year. The logical alternative is to try restoring biophysical connectivity of an entire regulated river
<br />ecosystem using the protocol proposed herein and adapted to the specifics of the selected river. Restoration
<br />of some large portion of lost capacity to sustain native biodiversity and bioproduction seems possible, espe.
<br />cially in large rivers with a substantial portion of the continuum remaining in a free. flowing state, The cost
<br />may be less than expected because the river can do the most of the work,
<br />
<br />ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
<br />
<br />Financial'support for this paper was provided in part by the Northwest Power Planning Council, Portland,
<br />Oregon, USA, and National Science Foundation grant number OSR-955450 but no endorsement of the
<br />paper was made or implied, We thank Geoffrey C. Poole for help with graphics and three anonymous
<br />reviewers for their constructive comments, Charles C. Coutant is with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
<br />which is managed by Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation, under contract DE.AC05-
<br />960R22464 with the U,S, Department of Energy,
<br />
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