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<br />tween t.he Feder:ll rlepnrtlllcnts and the State authorities should Ill":' avoitlC'd by
<br />IJI'OllE."l" !~OllllJaCt.S be1.weell Ul0. Statp.s before constrllction l)J"t)cc(I(l.s upon rivers
<br />where ~\lC'h cOIl1.l'O\'cl'8ies ltlfly nri~e, '
<br />rl'he Colomrlo HiI'er is ~1i11" young," lH:1 l'cgul'(ls utili7.at.illll of its wnter sup-
<br />ply. COIl(\ilioll~ look to enormous de-\'clopwent uUl'illg the next qUal'Ler of II
<br />c('l1tm)'. NnlUl'u fllrilit.nLea nIl ensy nlloeution and settlement: of nil matters llcr-
<br />tainil1!; to tho ful.ure ul.iliznUoll of tile wnters of thif'i stream, if meallS to tllnt end
<br />nl'e taken pI'iOl' to furtller consU'lletioll und before fl'ietion tlevclop~, All appre-
<br />hension [() intel'[t~J'el1cc with the gl'uclulII alHl necessar.v futurc develojJment upon
<br />the uPl)el' reach0.~ of the st.r('Hm by reason of em'lier cOllsh'llC{"iOll of enormous
<br />worl{s au ["he lowce r1vN' lIlay be uvoided by compuC't anll llgl'eement entered
<br />into. prio!' to HlIY futUl'(' construction.
<br />III fact. set,l1ell1~llt of pos:<>ihle interstate controversies h:.' illterstate ('OIll}lact:::
<br />i:'l recOlllmendcd b,l' Llle Dlliteu States Supreme Court. (\\'nsllingttlll -1,'. Oregon,
<br />21<1 U. f.;,\ 205, 218.)
<br />
<br />CO:M:l'A(;'f Ill' ., ,IOJN'}' COilUOSSION" nETWEJi;N f:ITATI';S AND UNITNn STATES,
<br />
<br />In anothe!' s(>.cl.'on we observe tl1ut the States, w:th cOll~ent of COI1~ress,
<br />have fill! pOWN'S to mlll{fl cOlllpa('t~ with each other. TrClll.'('s h('.twep.n ~antC'8
<br />are desig'nated as llgreCl\1C'llts 01' compacts. (Art. I, section 10, IHU', 3, Consti-
<br />tution,)
<br />'l'he UnilNl f>tilles, in the exercisc of its sovel'e;gn VOWNS, may enter into
<br />cornDuc{s 01' agreements witli olle or more of tbe States, ad:llg in their sovereign
<br />cnpac;Ues.
<br />The ll:Sllnl 111<.'1 hod of ronnHlfl.t'n~ 31.1('h compacts or agl'erlllents., either be-
<br />tween the Stn.!e3 01' hetween the State~ and the United StntN:l, is throu;:;:h the
<br />instrumentalit.y of' .Ioint cOlllmisl'liollS hereunto duly const'tuted b,v lp.gisla-
<br />tive enactments fjnrl apPOintment by the executives of the Stnte or the Slates
<br />nnd of the Natioll. Such joint commiSS':Olls are in ull re::;pects similar to
<br />tlte ,io~nl C(ll\llll[:-;~iOl1s COllRtitllted b3' seDul'ate Governments for formulation of
<br />treaties betweell illdepenc1ent ]lntions. The term does not refer to u joint
<br />commission conSisting only of Ill(>mbers of one soyere'!,!;nty und cr€'ated b.v joiut
<br />action of two or more legislative branches, but refers to tl1ut character of
<br />C(lmmi8~ion formed hy two independent powers for the pnrpose of joint actiOn
<br />to n common end.
<br />Of the llV:lilnbl(l eXamlllf's of settlements of cont.roversies hf:twecn tIle United
<br />States and one or more of the St.ates through the instnnnentlllity of joint
<br />commisfiions, the most cOlJ\'en:r!llt exnmple is that of the 1lttempU; at seLtle-
<br />ment of the bOllu<l1lI.'Y betweC'll the United States and Texl\;,l. Here two jo:nt
<br />cornruiS"':i'oi1s, u\lly constituted by the Nationnl and Stute Governments, sought
<br />to settlQ the bOlwullry line, The history of tbcse attempts is fountl in the
<br />re[lOrts of tlle lIuiLed SLates Supreme Court in tbo cuse of Uniteu. States v.
<br />T~xas (143 U, S., li~1.; 162 U. S., 1).
<br />Throughout L1\(~ mnL1~' pages of the reports cove1'ccl by the decisions in this
<br />cn&"e. the rcpres(~ntative of t.lle Government of the United State on the (me
<br />hand anu that or the State of Texas on the other. are desiguuLed as. connnis~
<br />sioners, and the common agency for !:iettlement of the controversy is designntea
<br />as the joint cOlluuiHSioll 01' joint boundary commission.
<br />Lest tllQre be Rome Qllc8lion respecting the use of the term" joint commis-
<br />sion," the folIowiug references to the opinions in the above case may be
<br />[)l'ofitable:
<br />Bya t{'e.aty C";onc!u(led April 25, 1838, between the United Stntf'S find the Re~
<br />public of Texas (8 SWt., 511), ench of the contracting parties agreed to appoint
<br />'a comnJissionel' .. for the purpose of Jointly ngree[ng upon the line between the
<br />two Republics;
<br />By the act of .T1ll1C 5, 1858, chaplel' 92 (11 Stat., 310), enacLQd in harmony
<br />.vith the act of tile Legislnture of the State of 'l'exas, Felll'uury 11, 1854, it
<br />.'ias provided that the Prt'sidellt should appoint a representative to act in
<br />Jarmony with OIH~ .from UlC State of Texas for the purpose of definitely locat.
<br />ng the bO\1lldury betWQCll the In(Hnn Territory and the Stnte of TexaR. The
<br />[allowing refe1'enC(,8 to the representatives so appointed alld the name of the
<br />Jody so c.:onst.1tute(l appeal' in tbe decisions in the above ca~e at tIlt' following
<br />Jages: "A COlllmis::;ioner WllS appointed on belmlf of the United State~ II (IG2
<br />::.T. S" I, (5) ; " the comtnissionel'S of the two Govcl'llmentl:i "-i. e" the govern-
<br />llent of Texas finel the Government of the United States (IG2 U, S" 1, (6) ;
<br />'a joiut: cOlllmission on tlle part of the United Stutes and TexaE.-l commenced the
<br />.vork," etc. (HR 0, S" 621, G35) ; "the commIssioner on the part of the United
<br />'States" (1(1.); "tile commil:isiOllcrs of thc UlJited States and Texas" (i(L);
<br />
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