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<br />n012ti~
<br />
<br />We do nul kno..... \\hcn n1JIl nrsl made l/us spra....hng
<br />region his home, but WI.' may assume II was before '1000
<br />B.C At that lime, the bJ~in was Illudl thfferenl lh:m
<br />nuw, for the land was III the late phJ-.es of the last greJ[
<br />glaciatIon.
<br />The CJrly lIlhJbuallls - pwbaoly l/l1l1ligrallh frulll
<br />A~iJ hUllting Jlnng lhl;' fringes of the gladers _ were
<br />fa.:ed with gJlIling a livelihood while CXplUlIllg J nt'....
<br />land. Their hunting ':":(1110m) and tlllllleu Ic.:hno].)gy
<br />preduut"d c.\ll.'nsiv..' or profound utLliz;Jlhln nl tht'
<br />basin's rkh r.'snur..:es. lIowewr. from the OHdll'lllogkal
<br />fl'.:ord. it is evilklll Ihal by 7UOO B.C they were aw;ue
<br />oi IhoM' natural rt'sllur.:es whkh ..:nuld bl' utili,Cd wlthlll
<br />the limits of their primitive skills. This ulililalmfl
<br />harvesting \)f Jllllllals Jnd ....ilJ planh for fUIIU <InJ
<br />e"uaCllOn of rJW fllJtl'riJls for ....l';jr"IIl~. touls. e1.:.
<br />was wry Iinlllc-d. ThrlluJ(houllhc- prctmtnrie erJ thl' uses
<br />rl'mailll'd basi.:alJ~ lhe same. The onl~ m;ljor JddlllllllS
<br />
<br />CHAPTER 2
<br />
<br />ABORIGINAL OCCUPATION
<br />
<br />Werl' lhl' U'>I.' of ferllle rlvcrb{lllolll bnd soils after lhc
<br />a(hent of l'orn.aJ(f1~'ul[ulc and later syqematu: exploila.
<br />lion of big gallle followlllg aeqll/sLtion or the hor~.
<br />Throughout most of th~' carly 11Isillry of hUlllan lire in
<br />lht" baslll. lis environ men 1 affe.;led man more Ihan he
<br />affededthelMslll.
<br />Vie\.\ing the \lrl>.'itluri HJsin broadly. we may dts.
<br />tinguish fivt" "eptxhs" In aboriglllJl O<:l'lipJ[lllns.
<br />ahh,)ugh llll' limc spans Jre nOI d"'arl~ dcrined and
<br />\lwrlap ~'rne\.\hal. In any gl\"L'lI t"poch. mllSl aborigin;ll
<br />poups parliclpall'd III Illl' hfe.w;!y whidl Iyplficd it:
<br />sOllie peopl...s III paris ot the b;lsin laggl'd. following
<br />old.:-r life mudl's. Olhl'rs. nClng d,)se tll centers \If
<br />cuhuul lll~'enllnn, (<lIged ahead In aCl'ept new ideas.
<br />;le"IS and bdiefs. and lrallslllllled these hI their more
<br />ba.:k\.\ald neighb,jrs. We l11a~ alrangl' thesl' five epochs
<br />chwnoloJ(lc;llly assh,l\.\1l1ll rahle I.
<br />
<br />^I'pru,imale Era
<br />
<br />Table 1 - EPOCHS OF ABORIGINAL OCCUPATIONS
<br />
<br />('ullurald'ara"l,'r
<br />
<br />f'p<,.:h
<br />--
<br />Lit!} hunlln~
<br />
<br />F..uh..'flhan ~(JilU Be
<br />to 500 II ('
<br />
<br />4()1ll.) ItC 10 500 li.C.
<br />
<br />I'tl'a~-.:r,
<br />
<br />500 H.C.I" .-\.n.llon
<br />
<br />Plam,
<br />Wo<"'tanJ
<br />
<br />:\,1>. son..qOOh'
<br />mtJ.llilh",'nlul)
<br />
<br />S....Jent~r~
<br />\'Ill~l!e 1 ~rm~"
<br />
<br />1750-11'170',
<br />
<br />1'<lu~.r'lan
<br />
<br />LHI) immlgrJnh and th"1f J~","("nd~nl'. rn,"o,"~' hllnlin~ aminal, n"..... ,',llm:t
<br />tm~'nm"lh. h.,,-'n anlH.1UUq. t I,,'d ,n ~tlld, da'np dimat.... of I~rmmal Plcl~h><"..nl..
<br />S."'.al j:TtlUr' .....i,.kntl~ ."'~lIla f"",. ...O<.'p....ratl".... falnlli....s). "OU'l<'S probably l,'mpora.r)'
<br />,hdl"". Pllndr,1i w~'.Ipon II..... Jail .Ind 'I"'M'lhmw("r. Ih'IJlhllll"lll'rtlt>al>I~ J:,,'neral
<br />Ihrou~houl Ih.... ha'iin. Remain' no", ~nu"'n In ('.,I..r.ld". W~um'n~. Soulh Ila~ola..
<br />~..hra'~~. \li~"lUrl. dm! lo",~.
<br />
<br />lll...."'''') ..."rrdalrol ""llh p"'I~I.ld.l1 d....I......allon of I~nd....ap~ dnd p.ldual .I".
<br />arl't:ar~nl"" of 1'1..'''h)<."..n..' l>'g pm~. V~r) 'm.lll nom.id grtlUP' hunt,ng <111.111 g~m.., and
<br />l!alh\"Tm~ "'lkJ planh. fh.." hfe "a' I"""~' lhan Ihal uf Ih"'1I IIr..ol....'..,...", aMll
<br />""......",,"-',.. In "nino part or ha"n. Ihl' ...a) ..I' life per."I.'ol mIll hj'llln,' Irrn.....
<br />ni"rit'uI~,1 ~nl'rJlI~ Ih,,'u~h ......rern parI of l>d'," J' fdr~, S,'olh lllull. "'d;'r~,~~
<br />
<br />Small,,'om'nunill..., al"n~ .Ir....am \'alky, "'''>1<'lr",.... buned de4d '" ...."Uh muund~. rooJ
<br />Jgrl<"Ultul41 rrudu<"l' 'Url,I.'ment..-d h~ ...,.10.1 plan I' dnd 'u(h g~"'" anim~h J' Ill<: d<'n
<br />DiJ nOl "'plllll Ih., hl...'n dr~dIVel). "fll..ullur~ n'" ~'lIllen,.." <>r e\"'n,i,~ ". Ihal 01'
<br />S.:ol('nlar) \",lw~., l,atMln' J)1",'''nllMuuu, dl,lnhullon 1M "d'lnn p~,t of hao;lIl
<br />
<br />I\-rl11~r...nl hou....., 1M furllf,,'ol ,lila~.., Stlonj! ,,'ommunrl~ Qrj!anllJIUHl; ",'m-
<br />~~n...ullur,' e<:un"rn~. <ul'l'kmentl.'"ll h "'lld'rldnl I'r'><Iu'..... and "'~"'nal hl"-'n hun"
<br />FJrI)'. hUll I n;,'lan~ular h"u....,. l~l"r. ,",,,'uhr ('Jllh lud!!,,_ 111~I0I1..' rt'rrc"'nl;oll\e~'
<br />\l~"d.ln.llld~l..a.\fl~~r" r\lldolle \ll\",un RI....., \'al....~'I."nJ Pa"'n,'" ICentl41 Plall"l
<br />Omaha rrJ~ 1'''" ..,f lhl' I'Jlleln dl"nj: \I"","" Il.".., 1M I"",~. "ehf,,'~a. and Soull!
<br />[)a~"t~. ;onol lh,' Io.;;on"" I"he 1M 1o.;4n'<.l'
<br />
<br />lr..... of h"he to csrl,..l [1,,,," .I' I'nm;or) (""J "oure..., ti~"... ""<:1.11 unll Ih<' hunlrnj:
<br />[1~nd d numt>er "f rdJl,'ol or nXlpc.'ralm~ (~mlh,,_. '\nnu~llul>JI ~;olh"nn~. "Jllh...
<br />I'nma<) rOUI" 10 pr....'llj:" dnol k-aole,,-"il' Ilk:": I"lfllon~l n..mJd_ IMdw.kJ lhe hNoll"
<br />P1J1n' Irrh...~: SIOU\. Chqenn..... Clo",. \Iarah'l. lll~d;.f,'"l. Ill'tnbut....ol tl'n th~ PI~m.
<br />mth... \I'''''UIl Ib\ln
<br />
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