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001501 In areas where wells require auxiliary motors as an aid to wind- mills, operators occasionally find it economical to use power exclusively for pump ing, thus eliminat ing the need for thewindmUl and its supporting tower. Gasoline engines are used for this purpose almost entirely. Stock wells seldom justify the higher cost of diesel engines despite the saving in fuel, and few are close enough to power lines to permit use of electric motors. A vexing problem in the use of gasoline engines is the high cost of maintenance resulting from operation by inexperienced and sometimes indifferent personnel. For obvious reasons, the difficulty is increased when the well is used by several operators. :: ',-' ::'.'<....; ::.,t;:~~ "~"}.~~"i ~}1~ ',' ;, Use of motors for pumping requires a well of fairly high yield. The intermittent nature of windmill pumping makes it possible to operate on wells with a minimum yield of 3-5 gpm but pumps with motors produce at a rate considerably in excess of this, usually at a minimum rate of about 10 gpm. If the well yield is exceeded, the pump runs dry and an expensive repair job is likely to result. For this reason, it is common practice to have someone in attendance during the full time the power pump is operating. ~:~>~(?\. ~--;;~;_:_.),~.f; g ii The flowing well is ideal for supplying livestock, but the occur- rence of such wells is limited to areas which possess the geologic require- ment necessary for flowing conditions. With a flowing well, a yield of 0.5 - 1. 0 gpm generally is ample for stock use when proper storage is provided a,ndthe watElr is not wasted. If necessary or more economica,h the storage can be prc:,vided in the trough used by the Hvestock. As an example, a trough 3 feet wide by 1 1/2 feet deep by 30 feet long will hold about 1,00-0 gallons, equivalent to' a daily yield at 0.7 gpm and sufficient for a herd of 100 cattle. Flowing wells of higher yield offer good oppor- tunities for expanding the service area by use of pipeline or hauling. Developed Runoff Areas Providing stock water by increasing runoff through treatment of land surface has been practiced in a limited way for: many years. The use of cisterns which catch the runoff from hous es, barns, and other buildings, or the captur ing and stor ing of runoff from reaches of paved roads or other impervious surfaces are common examples of the practice. Development in recent years of other methods of making,the land surface impervious has added to the practicability of using this approach. 10 Over much of the range land in the Pacific Southwest area, surface runoff on the average represents approximately 10 percent of the total precip,itation. On the drier range lands, where providing stock water is often a critical problem, the percentage of runoff may be even lower because of pervious soil or the characteristics of the storms. Thus, ,',