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WSP10787
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Last modified
1/26/2010 3:14:42 PM
Creation date
10/12/2006 4:31:58 AM
Metadata
Fields
Template:
Water Supply Protection
File Number
8170
Description
Arkansas Basin Water Quality Issues
State
CO
Basin
Arkansas
Water Division
2
Date
9/1/1981
Author
Bureau of Reclamati
Title
Heavy Metals Pollution of the Upper Arkansas River - Colorado - and its Effects on the Distribution of the Aquatic Macrofauna
Water Supply Pro - Doc Type
Report/Study
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<br />0013 <br /> <br />200 mg/L las CaCO,) the concentration of total <br />recoverable copper should not exceed 0.012. <br />0.022. and 0.043 mg/L. respectively. at any <br />time. <br /> <br />Zinc <br /> <br />Zinc. a micronutrient like copper. is also very <br />toxic to aquatic organisms. The degree of tox- <br />icity that animals can tolerate varies with the <br />organism and the physical and chemical factors <br />of the water. Some acclimatization to the pres- <br />ence of zinc is possible. and su rvivors from <br />batches of fish subjected to dissolved zinc <br />have been less susceptible to additional con- <br />centrations than fish not previously exposed. <br />(Sinley et al.. 1974 [139J .) <br /> <br />Nehring and Goettl (1974) [120] found brook <br />trout to be twice as resistant to zinc as rainbow <br />trout. Lloyd (1960) [99] reported that <br />20 mg/L of zinc caused a cytological break- <br />down of gill epithelium in trout and 4 mg/L <br />caused the gill lamellae to become swollen <br />before the death of the fish. The 96-hour LC", <br />values reported by Chapman and Stevens <br />(1978) [23J for coho salmon and steelhead <br />were 0.905 and 1.755 mg/L. respectively. <br />Warnick and Bell (1969) [159] found that <br />50 percent of the stonefly Acroneuria /ycorias <br />tested survived the 14 days in zinc concentra- <br />tions of 32 mg/L. Holcombe and Andrew <br />(1978) [76J reported that the 96-hour LC,u's <br />for zinc concentrations in soft water <br />(46.1 mg/L CaCO, as a mean) ranged from <br />0.37 to 0.76 mg/L for rainbow trout and 1.6 to <br />2.4 mg/L for brook trout. In hard water <br />(175.4 mg/L CaCO.. as a mean) the LC,,,'s <br />were 1.9 to 3.0 mg/L and 5.0 to 7.0 mg/L, <br />respectively. Nehring and Goettl (19741 [120] <br />found zinc to be acutely toxic to rainbow, <br />brown, cutthroat, and brook trout juveniles in <br />concentrations of 0.41, 0.64, 0.67. and <br />0.96 mg/ L, respectively. Goettl et al. (1972) <br />[64] measured baseline zinc levels for rainbow <br />trout from pristine waters as 150 IJg Zn/g dry <br />weight liver. Zinc is rapidly accumulated in <br />proportion to the concentration in water. <br /> <br />Davies and Goettl 119761 [34J recommended <br />that zinc not exceed 0.05 mg/L in cold waters <br />with a hardness of less than 200 mg/L (as <br />CaCO,) to ensure protection of aquatic life. The <br />Environmental Protection Agency 119801 1551 <br />suggests that at hardnesses of 50. 100. and <br /> <br />200 m9/L las CaCO,1 the concentration of total <br />recoverable zinc should not exeed 0.18. 0.32. <br />and 0.57 mg/L. respectively. at any time. <br /> <br />Lead <br /> <br />Lead is considered to be a cumulative systemic <br />poison which is deposited in the bones of <br />animals. In water containing lead salts, a film of <br />coagulated mucus forms over the body and gills <br />of fish. This is probably the result of a reaction <br />between lead and an organic constituent of <br />mucus (Carpenter. 1930 121] I. Weir and Hine <br />119701 (1621 reported a dramatic effect on the <br />toxicity of lead due to water hardness: lead in <br />hard water is much less toxic than in soft water. <br />McKee and Wolfe 119631 [1051 suggest that <br />the dissolved lead content of surface waters <br />should be less than 0.1 mg/L for the protection <br />of aquatic life. <br /> <br />McKim et al. (1975) [1071 cited literature <br />which found the acute toxicity of lead to rain- <br />bow trout juveniles to be 0.14 mg/L. and sur- <br />vival and growth was observed at 0.012 mg/L. <br />Davies et al. 119761 [33] found the swim-up fry <br />stage of rainbow trout to be more sensitive to <br />the effect of lead after the eggs were exposed. <br />Most lead is probably precipitated in natural <br />waters due to the presence of carbonates and is <br />unavailable for uptake by fish; however. <br />Holcombe et al. 119761 [771 found that lead <br />could be accumulated in brook trout. particularly <br />in the kidney. gill. and liver. A literature review <br />by Phillips and Russo 119781 [125] suggests <br />that lead levels in fish livers exceeding 50 I,g <br />Pb/g on a dry weight basis may indicate a <br />history of unacceptable lead exposure. <br /> <br />In waters of less than 100 and 200 mg/ L hard- <br />ness (as CaCO,I, Davies and Goettl (1976) [34J <br />recommend that lead levels not exceed 0.004 <br />and 0.025 mg/L, respectively, for the protec- <br />tion of aquatic life. The U.S. Environmental Pro- <br />tection Agency (19801 (54J recommends that <br />lead concentrations at hardnesses of 50. 100. <br />and 200 mg/L (as CaCO,1 should not exceed <br />0.074. 0.170. and 0.400 mg/L. respectively. <br />at any time. <br /> <br />Molybdenum <br /> <br />Molybdenum is a trace element which occurs <br />widely in nature, and high concentrations are <br />usually associated with commercial deposits. <br /> <br />13 <br />
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