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<br />~ mg/l. A related parameter, solute yield (SY), refers to the solute load <br />..... <br />...... per unit source area (A). It is equal to <br />Ut <br /> <br />SY = SL/A = (SC)Q/A <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />(l-3) <br /> <br />Saline water contains a high SC. The classification of water <br />according to SC (fresh. 0-1000 ppm! salty. 10,000-100,000 ppm! and <br />brine. > 100,000 ppm) will not be used because salinity is relative. <br />For instance, an SC of 500 mg/l is the recommended drinking water <br />standard limit set by the U.S. Public Health Service (1962). The <br />recommended SC limit for industrial use varies with each industry (e.g. <br />500 mg/l for distilling and brewing light drinks < 3000 mg/l for boiler <br />feed! 300-500 mg/l for paper pulP! and 100 mg/l for <br />confectionary--(Todd, 1970)). Moreover, irrigation water may be more or <br />less saline depending on the crops being grown. <br /> <br />1 <br />1 <br />,{ <br /> <br />, <br />j <br />, <br /> <br />I <br />, <br />, <br />;, <br /> <br />',~ <br /> <br />Cause of ~igh Salinity <br /> <br />Craig (1970) contends that high salinity is the result of five <br />conditions and processes as follows. 1) water is initially' saline <br />(Le., juvenile hydrothermal fluids! 2) "salt sieving" or membrane <br />effects, primarily in oil field brines! 3) solution from sediment and <br />host rocks! 4) evaporative concentration of seawater and saline lake <br />water! and 5) artificial contamination from municipal, industrial, or <br />agricultural waste. <br />Climate is the single most important environmental factor affecting <br />the occurrence of high solute concentrations in surface water that is <br />derived from diffuse sources, but geology, topography and biota can also <br />be important (Peters, 1984). Geology is especially important in <br />Mancos-Shale terrain. <br />All water contains dissolved solids, but only under certain <br />circumstances does this become a serious problem. In fact, because of <br />aggressiv~ weathering the solute load is higher in humid regions (Fig. <br />l-la), where the large discharge produces a high total dissolved load <br />(Peters, 1984). Nevertheless, it is in the drier regions that salinity <br />problems are greatest because concentrations are high (Fig. I-lb). Arid <br /> <br /> <br />;L <br /> <br />'..; ":,, C_,h;;""_ ~" ., 'ie_ ~_ _~"-,,,~\;ikL -J';;'<~ _,- <br /> <br /> <br />:3 <br />