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002385 _.<:j-'- ~::":~~,rj 4 WATER R!ES'OURCE D.EVELOPMENT PROGRAMS Executive Department sources included the Federal Power Commis- sion; the Central Inteligence Agency; the Department of Agricul- ture; the Bureau of Foreign Commerce, Department of Commerce; the Bureau of Reclamation, Interior Department; and others. The United Nations records, and those of Great Britain, and the Govern- ment of India provided acceptable statistics, as did wide technical and daily press reports, plus a quarter of a century of accumulated study. Because rivers run downhill in any body's country and everybody's language, measurements of scope and velocity of water programs are reduced to universal units of energy, area volume, and weight, as far as possible. There is herein a deliberate avoidance of monetary sym- bols which become confusing or meaningless comparisons in the closed economy of Russia and China. Likewise, the obvious direct compari- son of governmental fostered electrical energy production in the United States and Soviet Russia is avoided. This, too, would be meaningless since the United States in the past 6 years has partially stopped, as a matter of executive policy, adding Government-pro- duced power to its energy totals, while all Soviet power is govern- ment-produced. Further, for simplicity, few differentiations are made between hydro or thermal sources of generation, while atomic- energy-produced power is disregarded. Russia leads in this coming latter field, but all atomic kilowatts produced anywhere are still in- consequential in overall totals here considered. SOVIET RUSSIA'S POWER RECORD Of all areas examined, the most precise and thorough figures and breakdowns for this relative study, both for Soviet Russia and the United States, are available in the electrical power field. This is natural on the Russian side, because ever since Lenin enunciated the historic formula "communism is the Soviet power plus electrification of the whole U. S. S. R." 27 years ago, Russia has been on an all-out drive of unprecedented 1?roportions, continuity, and results to attain world leadership in natIOnal kilowatt-hour production. That end, not yet achieved, has been, and is being, adhered to as basic Soviet doctrine invariably accompanied and interwoven in all pronuncia- mentos qualifying power leadership as fundamental and essential CommunIst doctrme. Because of the recognized relationships be- tween kilowatt availability and national strength--economic, mdus- trial, or military-as well as because of the political controversy-the Russian versus American power comparisons found in this survey- together with sources-are set down in raw form to reveal mathe- matical variation despite general agreement and unanimity as to trend. There is general agreement currently that United States overall power production capacity (all inclusive regardless of thermal, hydro, public, private, or other categories) has in recent years been doubling by the decade. The Federal Power Commission's last authoritative figures (1948 through 1956) show a United States increase of 96.8 per- cent whIle the same agency's calculation for the same span gave the Soviet Russian increase as 137.8 percent. British sources give Soviet actual installed capacity (in megawatts) over a 38-year span as 1,000 for the year 1917, 11,000 for 1940, 10,700 for 1945 (reflecting W orId War II plant destruction), 36,900 for