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<br />2152 <br /> <br />A reserved water right may be created by an act of Coll;lress (united <br /> <br />States v. New Mexico, 438 U.S. 696 (1978)), a Presidential Proclcrnation <br />(Cappaert v. United States, 426 U.S. 128 (1976)), an executive order <br />(Arizona v. California, 373 U.S. 546 (1963)), an ayreernent or treaty <br />(Winters v. United States, 207 U.S. 564 (1908)), Secretarial land order <br /> <br />(Arizona v. California), or other Executive action ultimately creating <br /> <br />a reservation (United States v. Walker River Irrigation Dist., 104 F.2d <br /> <br />334 (9th Cir. 1939)). <br /> <br />Federal reserved water rights are not dependent upon state law or ~ro- <br /> <br />ceclures, so meeting state law requirements is not necessary to perfect <br /> <br /> <br />than. See Cappaert v. united States, 4:.!6 U.S. at 145. '!he .volune <br /> <br /> <br />and scope of particular reserved rights . . . are federal questions. callill;l <br /> <br /> <br />for the application of federal law, tixlugh state courts are oarpetent initially <br /> <br /> <br />to determine federal reserved water rights in proceedings pursuant to the <br /> <br /> <br />McCarran Amendment..!Y' Finally, reserved water rights encarpass I.Joth existing <br /> <br /> <br />and future water requiranents necessary to fulfill the purposes of the <br /> <br /> <br />reservatioll.!y <br /> <br /> <br />In Sl1Il, the federal reserved water riyht is created by ir.plication <br /> <br />as well as by express lanyuaye in the reservation of public land for particular <br /> <br /> <br />purposes. It arises fran federal law, and is not dependent 00 state law <br /> <br />12/ 43 U.S.C. S 666. See united States V. District Court for Eagle County, <br />401 U.S. 5:.!O, 526 (1971). <br /> <br />13/ ~ Arizona v. California, 373 U.S. at 600-601. <br /> <br />-17- <br />