Laserfiche WebLink
<br />"i <br /> <br />-^., <br /> <br />N aftz and Spangler <br /> <br />.'" <br />'" <br />o <br />w <br /> <br />does not indicate OFB i as the source of isotopically <br />enriched water. The i~otopic composition of OFBs <br />from the Aneth, Rathefford, White Mesa Unit, and <br />McElmo Creek injectiod sites indicates a lighter iso- <br />topic composition relati'\>e to the Ismay brine, result- <br />ing from continued recypling of injection water mixed <br />with various proportions ofisotopically lighter make- <br />up water from the SaniJuan River alluvial aquifer. <br />The isotopic compositi:on of a simulated injection <br />water (equal parts of Meth, Ratherford, and McElmo <br />Creek OFBs with wat~r from the alluvial aquifer) <br />plots on the mixing line: constructed through the iso- <br />topically enriched wat~r samples from the Navajo <br />aquifer, suggesting the. possibility that this water <br />could be the salinity source. A mixing model using the <br />isotopic composition of ~he simulated injection water <br />suggests that enriched samples from the Navajo <br />aquifer are composedof136 to 75 percent of the simu- <br />lated injection water. If:owever, chloride concentra- <br />tions predicted by the isotopic mixing model are up to <br />13.4 times larger than the measured chloride concen- <br />trations in samples fron\. the Navajo aquifer, indicat- <br />ing that injection water cannot be the source of <br />salinity. <br />Geochemical data collected to date (1993) consis- <br />tently indicate that neidher OFB or injection waters <br />are causing the salinity increases in the Navajo <br />aquifer. The unidentified:sou.rce of salinity to water in <br />the Navajo aquifer has a\bromide-to-chloride X 10,000 <br />weight ratio less than 10 and an iodide-to-chloride X <br />10,000 weight ratio lessl than 0.1, while also having <br />an isotopic composition ~haracteristic of closed-basin <br />evaporation. <br /> <br />ACKNOWLEDGMENTS <br /> <br />i <br />The study was conducted Ul\der the direction of the Aneth Tech. <br />nical Committee, formed in 19$7 to address the source(s) and pro- <br />cess(es) that may have caused the observed salinity increases in the <br />freshwater Navajo aquifer in.t~e vicinityofthe Greater Aneth Oil <br />Field. Agencies and companies'! represented on the technical com- <br />mittee include the Bureau of :Q..echimation; Bureau of Land Man~ <br />agement; Environmental ProtectIon Agency; Bureau of Indian <br />Affairs; Texaco Exploration andiProduction, Inc.; Mobil Exploration <br />and Producing U.S., Inc.; Philli~8 Petroleum, Inc.; Utah Division of <br />Oil, Gas, and Mining; Navajo ~nvironmental Protection Agency; <br />Navajo Water Resources Management; and U.s. Geological Survey. <br />Technical review of the manu$cript by B. A. Kimball, B. Stein- <br />graber, arid A. Graffman is app~cinted. <br /> <br />LITERATURE CITED <br /> <br />Avery, Charles, 1986. Bedrock A;quifers of Enstern San Juan Coun- <br />ty, Utah. Utah Department of Nat.ural Resources Technical Pub- <br />lication No. 86, 124 pp. : <br />Bair, E. S, and R. K. Digel, 1990~ Subsurface Transport ofInorganic <br />and Organic Solutes from E,q>erimcntal Road Spreading of Oil- <br />Field Brine. Ground Water ~()nitoring Review 10:94-105. <br /> <br />WATER RESOURCES BU~LETIN <br /> <br />;i <br /> <br />Baumann, P. C., W. D. Smith, and M. Ribick, 1982. Hep,fltic 'I\1mor <br />Rates and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon LeYf,ls in Two <br />Populations of Brown Bullhead. In: Polynuclear: Aromatic <br />Hydrocarbons: Physical and Biological Ch~mistry, M.. A. Cooke, <br />J. Dennis, and G. L. Fisher (Editors). Battelle Press. pp. 93~102. <br />Clem, K. M. and K. W. Brown, 1984. Petroleum Resoui1:es of the <br />Paradox Basin. Utah Geological and Mineral SurveY Bulletin <br />119, 162 pp. <br />Cooley, M. E., J. W. Harshharger, J. P. Akers, W. F. Hardt~ and O. N. <br />Hicks, 1969. Regional Hydrogeology of the Navajci':-and-Ho'pi <br />Indian Reservations, Arizona, New -Mexico. and Utah..u .S. Geo- <br />logical Survey Professional Paper 521-A, 61 PP: <br />Craig, H., 1961. Isotopic Variations in Mete.oric Waters. Science <br />133:1702-1703. <br />Dipple, A., 1976. Polynuclear Aromatic Carcinogens. In: Chemical <br />Carcinogens, C. E. Searle (Editor). MonograPh Seriesj,American <br />Chemical Society, 173, pp. 1-788. . <br />Drever, J., 1988. The Geochemistry of Natural Waters -(2nd Ed.), <br />Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,' New Jersey,.437 p'p. <br />Epstein, S. and Mayeda, T., 1953. Variatiori:of the 0-18 Content of <br />Waters from Natural Sources. Geochemica et Costnochimica <br />Acta. 4:213-224. <br />Fishman, M. J. and L. C. Friedman, 1989. Methods for _D,etermina- <br />tion of Inorganic Substances in Water' and Fluvial ~dim~nts. <br />U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resourc~ Inv~sti- <br />gations (3rd ed.), Book 5, Chap. AI, pp.523-530. <br />Freethey, G. W. and G. E. Cordy, 1991. Geohydrology of MesQzoic <br />Rocks in the Upper C.olorado River Basin in' ArIzona.,'-Color~do, <br />New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, Excluding the San Juan <br />Basin. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1411-C, 118 <br /> <br />pp. <br />Goode, H. D., 1958. The Geology and- Distribution of Aquifers hi the <br />Southeastern Part of San Juan County, Utah. U.S. Geological <br />Survey Open~Fi1e Report Unnumbered, 9 pp., 7 pl. . . <br />Hanshaw, B. B. and G. A. Hill, 1969. Geochemistry and Hydr(ldy. <br />namics of the Paradox. Basin Region, Utah, Colorado,: and New <br />Mexico. Chemical Geology 4:263-294. <br />Howells, L., 1990. Base of Moderately Saline Ground .Wa~r in San <br />Juan County, Utah. State of Utah Department of: Natural <br />Resources Technical Publication No. 94, 35 pp. <br />Kendall, C. and T. Coplen, 1985. Multisample Conversion of Water <br />to Hydrogen by Zinc for Stable Isotope Determination. Analyti- <br />cal Chemistry. 57:1437-1440. <br />Kimball, B. A., 1992. Geochemical Indicators Used to Uetertnine <br />Source of Saline Water in Mesozoic Aquifers, Montezuma <br />Canyon Area, Utah..In: SeleCted-Papers in the Hydrolqgical.Sci;. <br />ences, U.S. Geological Survey Ylater-Supply Paper 2340, Sey- <br />mour Subitzky (Editor), pp. 89-.106~ <br />Konikow, L. F. and M. S. Bedinger, 1978. Evaluation of lj:ydr(lgeo- <br />logic Aspects of Proposed Salinity'Control Program hi' Paradox <br />Valley, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File JW,port 78. <br />~U~ . <br />Lofgren, B. E., 1954. Ground-Water Possibilities-o[.;Bedrock <br />Aquifers in Southeastern Utah. Utah State Engineer-Technical <br />Publication 9, pp. 105-118. <br />Maida, S. M., 1989. The Value of Iodide as a Geochemical 'Indicator <br />of Sources of Salini~y in Ground Water. Unpublished ~aster 'of <br />Science Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucso~, Arizoha,;89 pp; <br />Mayhew, E. J. and E. B. Heylmun, 1965. Concentrated Subsurface <br />Brines in the Moab Region, Utah. Utah Geological and Miner- <br />alogical Survey Special Studies 13, 28 pp. <br />Richter, B. C; and C. W. Kreitler, 1991. Identification of SOurces:of <br />Ground-Water Salinization Using Geochemical Techniques. U.S. <br />Environmental Protection Agency Report EPAl600/2'.911064, <br />259 pp. . <br />Rosenbauer, R. J., J. L. Bischoff, and Y. K. Kharaka, 1992. Geo- <br />chemical Effects of Deep.Well Injection ot the Parado_x Valley <br />Brine Into Paleozoic Carbonate Rocks, Colorado, U.S.A;' Applied <br />Geochemistry 7:273-286. <br /> <br />:',1 <br /> <br />,.!, <br /> <br />>~ <br /> <br />1 <br /> <br />'l <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />:~ <br />t <br />" <br />..~ <br />.~ <br />.'.'. <br />j <br />.~ <br />~ <br /> <br />1134 <br /> <br />,.~" " <br /> <br />"'~-J;; <br />